The Global Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size is estimated at $92.1 Million in 2025 and is forecast to register an annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.6% to reach $191.8 Million by 2034.
The global Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Study analyzes and forecasts the market size across 6 regions and 24 countries for diverse segments -By Type (Organic, Natural), By Application (Pharmaceutical, Personal Care, Food and Beverage, Others).
An Introduction to Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market in 2025
The Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the rising consumer interest in natural and herbal supplements. Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, is renowned for its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and medicinal properties. Organic turmeric root extract is gaining popularity due to its potential health benefits, including supporting joint health, improving digestion, and boosting the immune system. The market benefits from the growing awareness of the therapeutic properties of turmeric and the trend towards natural and plant-based remedies. Additionally, the demand for clean label and minimally processed supplements is driving demand for organic turmeric root extract in various applications, including dietary supplements, functional foods, and beverages. The expanding availability of organic turmeric root extract in health food stores, pharmacies, and online platforms is making it more accessible to consumers seeking natural health solutions.
Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Competitive Landscape
The market report analyses the leading companies in the industry including Berkshire Hathaway, Chemyunion, Cosmacon, Flavex, RAG-Stiftung, Salicylates and Chemicals, and others.
Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Dynamics
Market Trend: Rising Popularity of Natural and Herbal Supplements
The Curcuma longa (turmeric) root extract market is witnessing a significant trend towards the rising popularity of natural and herbal supplements. As consumers increasingly seek alternatives to synthetic pharmaceuticals, there is a growing demand for natural products that offer health benefits with minimal side effects. Turmeric root extract, known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-boosting properties, fits well into this trend. This trend is driven by the broader movement towards holistic health and wellness, supported by extensive research and positive endorsements from health professionals and wellness influencers. The market is further bolstered by the increasing incorporation of turmeric extract into various health supplements, functional foods, and beverages, making it more accessible to consumers looking to enhance their health naturally.
Market Driver: Increasing Awareness of Health Benefits
A key driver for the Curcuma longa (turmeric) root extract market is the increasing awareness of its health benefits. As scientific research continues to highlight the therapeutic properties of turmeric, including its potential to reduce inflammation, improve digestion, and support joint health, consumer interest in turmeric supplements is growing. This awareness is further fueled by the prevalence of lifestyle-related health issues such as arthritis, digestive disorders, and chronic inflammation, prompting individuals to seek natural remedies. The driver is also supported by the rise of preventive healthcare, where consumers proactively use supplements like turmeric extract to maintain their health and prevent illness. The increasing availability of high-quality, standardized turmeric extracts in the market is making it easier for consumers to adopt this potent natural remedy into their daily health regimen.
Market Opportunity: Innovation in Product Formulations and Applications
The Curcuma longa (turmeric) root extract market presents a significant opportunity for innovation in product formulations and applications. As consumer interest in turmeric grows, there is ample scope for developing new and diverse products that leverage its health benefits. Companies can explore creating enhanced bioavailability formulations, combining turmeric extract with other complementary ingredients such as black pepper (piperine) to improve absorption. Additionally, there is potential for incorporating turmeric extract into a variety of functional foods and beverages, such as turmeric lattes, wellness shots, and fortified snacks. The trend towards personalized nutrition also offers an avenue for creating tailored turmeric supplements that cater to specific health needs, such as joint health, cognitive support, and anti-aging. By focusing on product innovation and marketing strategies that emphasize the science-backed health benefits and versatility of turmeric root extract, companies can attract a broader audience and drive growth in this expanding market segment.
Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Share Analysis: Organic Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract is expected to generate the highest revenue in 2025.
Organic Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract is the largest segment in the Curcuma Longa Root Extract Market by type. This segment's dominance is largely driven by the growing consumer preference for organic products, which are perceived as healthier and more environmentally friendly compared to conventional options. Organic turmeric root extract is free from synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, making it an attractive choice for health-conscious consumers who are increasingly wary of chemical residues in their food and supplements. The rise in organic farming practices and the stringent regulations governing organic certification also contribute to the popularity of organic turmeric root extract. Additionally, the demand for organic products is bolstered by the increasing awareness of sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural practices. This aligns with the broader global trend towards organic food and wellness products, which further reinforces the position of organic turmeric root extract as the largest segment in the market.
Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Share Analysis: Pharmaceutical Application is poised to register the fastest growth rate (CAGR) over the forecast period from 2025 to 2034.
The fastest growing segment in the Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market by application is the Pharmaceutical sector. This rapid growth is driven by the extensive research and clinical trials highlighting the therapeutic benefits of turmeric, particularly its active compound curcumin, which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. The increasing acceptance of herbal and natural remedies in mainstream medicine has led to a surge in the use of turmeric root extract in various pharmaceutical formulations, including capsules, tablets, and topical creams. The growing consumer inclination towards natural health supplements and alternative medicine further accelerates this trend. Additionally, the rising incidence of chronic diseases such as arthritis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders has spurred the demand for natural anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents like turmeric root extract. Pharmaceutical companies are actively investing in the development and commercialization of turmeric-based products, capitalizing on the growing awareness of its health benefits. This focus on natural therapeutics positions the pharmaceutical application segment as the fastest growing in the Curcuma Longa root extract market.0
Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Segmentation
By Type
Organic
Natural
By Application
Pharmaceutical
Personal Care
Food and Beverage
Others
Countries Analyzed
North America (US, Canada, Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Spain, Italy, Russia, Rest of Europe)
Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, South East Asia, Rest of Asia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America)
Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Rest of Middle East, South Africa, Egypt, Rest of Africa)
Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Companies Profiled in the Study
Berkshire Hathaway
Chemyunion
Cosmacon
Flavex
RAG-Stiftung
Salicylates and Chemicals
*- List Not Exhaustive
About USD Analytics
Table of Contents
List of Charts and Exhibits
List of Tables
1. Executive Summary
What’s New in 2025?
Top 10 Takeaways from the industry
Potential Opportunities for Industry Stakeholders
Strategic Imperatives
Company Market Positioning
Industry Benchmarking Matrix
2. Research Scope and Methodology
Market Definition
- Market Segments
- Companies Profiled
Research Methodology
- Bottom-Up Method
- Top-Down Method
- Data Triangulation
Forecast Methodology
- Data Sources
- USDA Proprietary Databases
- External Sources
- Primary Research and Interviews
Conversion Rates for USD
Abbreviations
3. Strategic Landscape: Key Insights and Implications
Spotlight: Key Strategies opted by Business Leaders
Competitive Landscape
Market Size ($ Million) and Share (%) by Company, 2024
SWOT Analysis
- Key Market Strengths
- Key Market Weaknesses
- Potential Opportunities
- Potential Threats
Porter’s Five Force Analysis
- Summary
- Bargaining Power of Buyers- Impact Analysis
- Bargaining Power of Suppliers- Impact Analysis
- Threat of new entrants- Impact Analysis
- Intensity of Competitive Rivalry- Impact Analysis
Macro-Environmental Analysis
- Economic forecasts by Country, 2010- 2035
- Population forecasts by Country, 2010- 2035
- Inflation Outlook by Country, 2010-2035
- Impact of Russia-Ukraine Conflict, Sluggish China Growth, US Developments
5. Growth Opportunity Analysis
Trends at a Glance
- What are the most noteworthy trends in the market
- Where should leaders pay attention?
- What industries are likely to be affected by the growth?
Market Dynamics
- Charting a path forward
- Growth Drivers
- Growth Barriers
Key Industry Stakeholders
- Suppliers
- Manufacturers and Service Providers
- Distribution Channels
- End-Users and Applications
- Regulators
- Investors, Traders, and R&D Institutes
Regulatory Landscape
6. Market Size Outlook to 2034
Global Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Forecast, USD Million, 2018- 2034
- Historic Market Size, 2018- 2024
- Forecast Market Size, 2024- 2034
Scenario Analysis
- Low Growth Scenario: Definition and Outlook to 2034
- Reference Case: Definition and Outlook to 2034
- High Growth Scenario: Definition and Outlook to 2034
Pricing Analysis and Outlook
- Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Average Price Forecast, 2021- 2034
- Key Factors Shaping the Pricing Patterns
7. Historical Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size by Segments, 2018- 2024
Key Statistics, 2024
Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, USD Million, 2018- 2024
Growth Comparison (y-o-y) across Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Types, 2018- 2024
Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, USD Million, 2018- 2024
Growth Comparison (y-o-y) across Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Applications, 2018- 2024
8. Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Segments, 2024- 2034
By Type
Organic
Natural
By Application
Pharmaceutical
Personal Care
Food and Beverage
Others
9. Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Region
North America
Key Market Dynamics
North America Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, USD Million, 2021-2034
North America Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, USD Million, 2021-2034
North America Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Sales Channel, USD Million, 2021-2034
North America Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Country, USD Million, 2021-2034
Europe
Key Market Dynamics
Europe Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, USD Million, 2021-2034
Europe Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, USD Million, 2021-2034
Europe Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Sales Channel, USD Million, 2021-2034
Europe Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Country, USD Million, 2021-2034
Asia Pacific
Key Market Dynamics
Asia Pacific Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, USD Million, 2021-2034
Asia Pacific Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, USD Million, 2021-2034
Asia Pacific Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Sales Channel, USD Million, 2021-2034
Asia Pacific Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Country, USD Million, 2021-2034
South America
Key Market Dynamics
South America Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, USD Million, 2021-2034
South America Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, USD Million, 2021-2034
South America Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Sales Channel, USD Million, 2021-2034
South America Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Country, USD Million, 2021-2034
Middle East and Africa
Key Market Dynamics
Middle East and Africa Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, USD Million, 2021-2034
Middle East and Africa Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, USD Million, 2021-2034
Middle East and Africa Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Sales Channel, USD Million, 2021-2034
Middle East and Africa Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Country, USD Million, 2021-2034
10. United States Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
United States Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
United States Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
United States Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
11. Canada Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
Canada Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
Canada Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
Canada Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
12. Mexico Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
Mexico Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
Mexico Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
Mexico Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
13. Germany Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
Germany Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
Germany Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
Germany Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
14. France Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
France Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
France Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
France Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
15. United Kingdom Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
United Kingdom Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
United Kingdom Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
United Kingdom Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
16. Spain Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
Spain Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
Spain Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
Spain Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
17. Italy Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
Italy Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
Italy Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
Italy Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
18. Benelux Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
Benelux Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
Benelux Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
Benelux Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
19. Nordic Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
Nordic Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
Nordic Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
Nordic Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
20. Rest of Europe Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
Rest of Europe Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
Rest of Europe Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
Rest of Europe Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
21. China Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
China Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
China Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
China Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
22. India Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
India Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
India Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
India Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
23. Japan Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
Japan Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
Japan Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
Japan Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
24. South Korea Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
South Korea Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
South Korea Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
South Korea Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
25. Australia Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
Australia Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
Australia Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
Australia Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
26. South East Asia Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
South East Asia Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
South East Asia Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
South East Asia Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
27. Rest of Asia Pacific Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
Rest of Asia Pacific Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
Rest of Asia Pacific Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
Rest of Asia Pacific Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
28. Brazil Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
Brazil Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
Brazil Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
Brazil Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
29. Argentina Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
Argentina Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
Argentina Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
Argentina Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
30. Rest of South America Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
Rest of South America Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
Rest of South America Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
Rest of South America Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
31. United Arab Emirates Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
United Arab Emirates Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
United Arab Emirates Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
United Arab Emirates Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
32. Saudi Arabia Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
Saudi Arabia Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
Saudi Arabia Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
Saudi Arabia Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
33. Rest of Middle East Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
Rest of Middle East Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
Rest of Middle East Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
Rest of Middle East Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
34. South Africa Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
South Africa Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
South Africa Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
South Africa Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
35. Rest of Africa Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Analysis and Outlook, 2021- 2034
Key Statistics
Rest of Africa Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Type, 2021- 2034
Rest of Africa Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by Application, 2021- 2034
Rest of Africa Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract Market Size Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2034
36. Key Companies
Market Share Analysis
Berkshire Hathaway
Chemyunion
Cosmacon
Flavex
RAG-Stiftung
Salicylates and Chemicals
Company Benchmarking
Financial Analysis
37. Recent Market Developments
38. Appendix
Looking Ahead
Research Methodology
Legal Disclaimer
