Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Size, Share, Trends, Growth Outlook

The Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Size is estimated to register 7.2% growth over the forecast period from 2024 to 2030.

 

Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Overview

The increasing awareness of occupational safety and the need for effective respiratory protection, particularly in industries such as healthcare, manufacturing, and construction are propelling the market. The heightened focus on worker well-being, coupled with stringent safety regulations are prompting businesses to invest in advanced respiratory protection systems like PAPRs. Manufacturers are focusing on developing PAPRs that provide optimal protection while ensuring comfort and ease of use for the wearer. Continuous innovation, such as improvements in filter efficiency, battery life, and ergonomics, enhances the overall performance and user experience of PAPRs, making them more appealing to end-users. Additionally, the versatility of PAPRs in providing protection against various airborne contaminants, including particulate matter, gases, and vapours, contributing to their growing adoption across diverse industries.

 

Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Dynamics

Market Trends- Strategic Embrace of Lightweight and Ergonomic Designs in Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market

Recognizing the significance of user comfort and ease of use, manufacturers are increasingly investing in innovations that reduce the overall weight of PAPR systems while enhancing their ergonomic features.

This strategic emphasis is aiming to address the practical challenges faced by workers who need to wear respiratory protection for extended periods in various industries.

Additionally, Lighter and more ergonomic PAPRs not only mitigate the risk of user fatigue and discomfort but also contribute to increased user compliance and overall safety.

 

Market Driver- The Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPR) Market experiences significant growth driven by the crucial embrace of occupational safety

The escalating awareness of the inherent respiratory hazards in various workplaces, coupled with stringent safety regulations are making businesses to recognize the paramount importance of investing in advanced respiratory protection solutions like PAPRs.

Stringent safety regulations and a cultural shift towards placing employee health at the forefront are driving the increasing adoption of advanced respiratory protection solutions.

Further, the dynamic regulatory landscape and evolving workplace safety standards are contributing to the urgency for businesses to invest in cutting-edge respiratory protection technologies.

 

Market Opportunity- The PAPR market sheds its singular focus, embracing versatility with a surge in applications beyond its traditional industrial role

The expanding scope of PAPR utilization across diverse sectors beyond traditional industrial settings are driving the market.

Industries such as healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and laboratories are increasingly adopting PAPRs for respiratory protection, driven by the heightened awareness of airborne hazards and the need for robust infection control measures.

Additionally, the ability of PAPRs to provide effective protection against a spectrum of airborne contaminants is making them suitable for applications beyond traditional heavy industries.

 

Market Share Analysis- Helmets, Hoods and Visors will register the fastest growth

The Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market is analyzed across Half Mask, Full face Mask, (Helmets, Hoods and Visors). Helmets, Hoods and Visors is poised to register the fastest growth. These integrated systems provide comprehensive protection for the face, head, and respiratory system, making them a preferred choice in various industrial applications. Helmets equipped with PAPR technology offer a holistic approach to worker safety, combining respiratory protection with impact resistance and eye/face shielding. Hoods and visors, on the other hand, provide flexibility and visibility, crucial aspects in environments where a wide field of vision is essential. Industries such as metal fabrication, welding, and construction favour Helmets, Hoods, and Visors PAPR configurations due to their ability to address multiple safety concerns simultaneously. The ongoing advancements in materials and design further enhance the comfort and usability of these systems, contributing to their widespread adoption. As workplace safety continues to evolve, Helmets, Hoods, and Visors in the PAPR Market emerge as integral components, offering a comprehensive solution for those operating in environments with diverse respiratory and head protection challenges.

 

Market Share Analysis- Healthcare held a significant market share in 2024

The Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market is analyzed across various Applications including Oil and Gas, Metal Fabrication, Agricultural, Food and Beverage, Fire services, Petrochemical/chemical, Industrial, Pharmaceuticals, Healthcare, Mining and Others. Of these, Healthcare held a significant market share in 2024. With the ongoing emphasis on infection control and worker safety, PAPRs have become indispensable in healthcare environments, particularly in the context of infectious disease management. Healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, and support staff, rely on PAPRs to provide a higher level of respiratory protection compared to traditional masks. The PAPRs used in healthcare settings often feature hoods or helmets that cover the entire head, offering a sealed and filtered environment to prevent exposure to airborne pathogens. The COVID-19 pandemic has further accelerated the adoption of PAPRs in healthcare, highlighting their efficacy in safeguarding frontline workers. Beyond infectious disease control, PAPRs are instrumental in protecting healthcare workers from various airborne contaminants encountered in different medical procedures. The comfort and ease of use of PAPRs contribute to their acceptance in healthcare settings where prolonged usage may be required.

 

Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market News

On January 13th, 2021, Amrita Unveils Affordable Indigenous PAPR Kits to Safeguard Healthcare Workers.

On October 26th, 2023, Decshel Scientifics Introduces Decshel-PAPR: Affordable Respiratory Protection for Healthcare Professionals.

 

Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Segmentation

By Product 

• Half Mask
• Full face Mask
• Helmets, Hoods and Visors

 

By Application

• Oil and Gas
• Metal Fabrication
• Agricultural
• Food and Beverage
• Fire services
• Petrochemical/chemical
• Industrial
• Pharmaceuticals
• Healthcare

• Mining
• Others

 

By Sales Channel

• Online
• Offline

 

By Region

• North America (United States, Canada, Mexico)
• Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Others)
• Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Others)
• Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Others)
• Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Other Middle East, South Africa, Nigeria, Other Africa)

 

Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Companies

• 3M
• Avon Rubber PLC
• Bullard
• Dragerwerk AG & Co KGaA
• Honeywell International Inc
• ILC Dover
• Kimberly-Clark Corp
• Mine Safety Appliances (MSA) Company
• Optrel AG
• Sundstrom Safety AB

 

*List not exhaustive

Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Outlook 2024

1 Market Overview

1.1 Introduction to the Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market

1.2 Scope of the Study  

1.3 Research Objective

1.3.1 Key Market Scope and Segments

1.3.2 Players Covered

1.3.3 Years Considered

 

2 Executive Summary

2.1 2024 Powered Air Purifying Respirators Industry- Market Statistics

3 Market Dynamics

3.1 Market Drivers

3.2 Market Challenges

3.3 Market Opportunities

3.4 Market Trends

 

4 Market Factor Analysis

4.1 Porter’s Five Forces

4.2 Market Entropy

4.2.1 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Companies with Area Served

4.2.2 Products Offerings Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market

 

5 COVID-19 Impact Analysis and Outlook Scenarios

5.1.1 Covid-19 Impact Analysis

5.1.2 post-COVID-19 Scenario- Low Growth Case

5.1.3 Post-COVID-19 Scenario- Reference Growth Case

5.1.4 Post-COVID-19 Scenario- Low Growth Case

 

6 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Trends

6.1 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) and CAGR (%) by Type (2018-2030)

6.2 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) and CAGR (%) by Applications (2018-2030)

6.3 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) and CAGR (%) by Regions (2018-2030)

 

7 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Revenue (USD Million) by Type, and Applications (2018-2022)

7.1 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2022)

7.1.1 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), Market Share (%) by Type (2018-2022)

7.2 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2022)

7.2.1 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), Market Share (%) by Applications (2018-2022)

 

8 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Development Regional Status and Outlook

8.1 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2018-2022)

8.2 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Type, and Application (2018-2022)

8.2.1 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Country (2018-2022)

8.2.2 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2022)

8.2.3 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2022)

8.3 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (USD Million) (2018-2022)

8.3.1 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Country (2018-2022)

8.3.2 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2022)

8.3.3 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2022)

8.4 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), and Revenue (USD Million) by Type, and Applications (2018-2022)

8.4.1 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Country (2018-2022)

8.4.2 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2022)

8.4.3 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2022)

8.5 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (2018-2022)

8.5.1 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Country (2018-2022)

8.5.2 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2022)

8.5.3 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2022)

8.6 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Type, Technology, Application, Thickness (2018-2022)

8.6.1 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Country (2018-2022)

8.6.2 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2022)

8.6.3 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2022)

 

9 Company Profiles

 

10 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (2024-2030)

10.1 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) and Market Share (%) by Type (2024-2030)

10.1.1 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), and Market Share (%) by Type (2024-2030)

10.2 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) and Market Share (%) by Applications (2024-2030)

10.2.1 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), and Market Share (%) by Applications (2024-2030)

 

11 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Development Regional Status and Outlook Forecast

11.1 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2024-2030)

11.2 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Type, and Applications (2024-2030)

11.2.1 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD) Million by Country (2024-2030)

11.2.2 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Type (2024-2030)

11.2.3 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), Market Share (%) by Applications (2024-2030)

11.3 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (2024-2030)

11.3.1 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Country (2024-2030)

11.3.2 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Type (2024-2030)

11.3.3 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Applications (2024-2030)

11.4 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) by Type, and Applications (2024-2030)

11.4.1 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Country (2024-2030)

11.4.2 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Type (2024-2030)

11.4.3 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Applications (2024-2030)

11.5 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (2024-2030)

11.5.1 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Country (2024-2030)

11.5.2 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Type (2024-2030)

11.5.3 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Applications (2024-2030)

11.6 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (2024-2030)

11.6.1 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Region (2024-2030)

11.6.2 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Type (2024-2030)

11.6.3 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million), by Applications (2024-2030)

 

12 Methodology and Data Sources

12.1 Methodology/Research Approach

12.1.1 Research Programs/Design

12.1.2 Market Size Estimation

12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

12.2 Data Sources

12.2.1 Secondary Sources

12.2.2 Primary Sources

12.3 Disclaimer

 

List of Tables

Table 1 Market Segmentation Analysis

Table 2 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Companies with Areas Served

Table 3 Products Offerings Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market

Table 4 Low Growth Scenario Forecasts

Table 5 Reference Case Growth Scenario

Table 6 High Growth Case Scenario

Table 7 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) And CAGR (%) By Type (2018-2030)

Table 8 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) And CAGR (%) By Applications (2018-2030)

Table 9 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) And CAGR (%) By Regions (2018-2030)

Table 10 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Table 11 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue Market Share (%) By Type (2018-2022)

Table 12 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Table 13 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue Market Share (%) By Applications (2018-2022)

Table 14 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2018-2022)

Table 15 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Share (%) By Regions (2018-2022)

Table 16 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2022)

Table 17 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Table 18 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Table 19 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2022)

Table 20 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Table 21 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Table 22 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2022)

Table 23 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Table 24 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Table 25 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2022)

Table 26 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Table 27 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Table 28 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2018-2022)

Table 29 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Table 30 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Table 31 Financial Analysis

Table 32 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2030)

Table 33 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue Market Share (%) By Type (2024-2030)

Table 34 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2030)

Table 35 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue Market Share (%) By Applications (2024-2030)

Table 36 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Revenue (USD Million), And Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2024-2030)

Table 37 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD)By Country (2024-2030)

Table 38 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2030)

Table 39 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2030)

Table 40 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2024-2030)

Table 41 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2030)

Table 42 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2030)

Table 43 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2024-2030)

Table 44 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2030)

Table 45 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2030)

Table 46 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2024-2030)

Table 47 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2030)

Table 48 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2030)

Table 49 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2024-2030)

Table 50 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2024-2030)

Table 51 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2030)

Table 52 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2030)

Table 53 Research Programs/Design for This Report

Table 54 Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

Table 55 Key Data Information from Primary Sources

 

List of Figures

Figure 1 Market Scope

Figure 2 Porter’s Five Forces

Figure 3 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Figure 4 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue Market Share (%) By Type (2022)

Figure 5 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Figure 6 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue Market Share (%) By Applications (2022)

Figure 7 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2018-2022)

Figure 8 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Share (%) By Regions (2022)

Figure 9 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2022)

Figure 10 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Figure 11 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Figure 12 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2022)

Figure 13 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Figure 14 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Figure 15 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2022)

Figure 16 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Figure 17 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Figure 18 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2022)

Figure 19 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Figure 20 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Figure 21 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2018-2022)

Figure 22 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Figure 23 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Figure 24 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2030)

Figure 25 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue Market Share (%) By Type (2030)

Figure 26 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2030)

Figure 27 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue Market Share (%) By Applications (2030)

Figure 28 Global Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2024-2030)

Figure 29 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2024-2030)

Figure 30 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2030)

Figure 31 North America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2030)

Figure 32 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2024-2030)

Figure 33 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2030)

Figure 34 Europe Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2030)

Figure 35 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2024-2030)

Figure 36 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2030)

Figure 37 Asia Pacific Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2030)

Figure 38 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2024-2030)

Figure 39 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2030)

Figure 40 South America Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2030)

Figure 41 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2024-2030)

Figure 42 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2024-2030)

Figure 43 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2030)

Figure 44 Middle East and Africa Powered Air Purifying Respirators Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2030)

Figure 45 Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches For This Report

Figure 46 Data Triangulation

 

Powered Air Purifying Respirators Market Segmentation

By Product 

• Half Mask
• Full face Mask
• Helmets, Hoods and Visors

 

By Application

• Oil and Gas
• Metal Fabrication
• Agricultural
• Food and Beverage
• Fire services
• Petrochemical/chemical
• Industrial
• Pharmaceuticals
• Healthcare

• Mining
• Others

 

By Sales Channel

• Online
• Offline

 

By Region

• North America (United States, Canada, Mexico)
• Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Others)
• Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Others)
• Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Others)
• Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Other Middle East, South Africa, Nigeria, Other Africa)