×

Supply Chain Management Market Size, Share, Trends, Growth Outlook

Supply Chain Management Market Size, Share, Trends, Growth Outlook, and Opportunities to 2030- By Component (Solution, Services), Deployment (On-premise, Cloud-based), Enterprise (Small and Medium Sized Enterprises, Large Enterprises), Vertical (Retail and E-commerce, Healthcare, Automotive, Transportation and Logistics, Food and Beverages, Manufacturing, Others), and Companies Report

The Global Supply Chain Management Market Size is estimated to register 9.1% growth over the forecast period from 2024 to 2030.

 

The surge in market growth is propelled by the exponential expansion of e-commerce platforms and shifts in consumer preferences towards online shopping, which are reshaping the dynamics of supply chains. This transformation has led to heightened expectations among customers for swift, convenient, and seamless delivery services, underscoring the necessity for efficient omnichannel logistics. Consequently, there is a notable increase in investments in warehouse automation, last-mile delivery solutions, real-time inventory tracking systems, and the optimization of transportation networks. Moreover, companies are harnessing the power of data analytics to gain deeper insights into customer behavior and enhance fulfillment processes, resulting in elevated levels of customer satisfaction and a strengthened competitive edge. Leading Companies focusing on the Expansion of Blockchain Technology, Focus on Circular Economy and Sustainable Practices, and others to boost market shares in the industry.

Supply Chain Management Market Overview

The Supply Chain Management (SCM) market encompasses a range of solutions and technologies aimed at optimizing the flow of goods, information, and finances throughout the supply chain process. It has witnessed significant growth driven by globalization, technological advancements, and increasing customer demands. Key components include planning, sourcing, manufacturing, logistics, visibility, and analytics. Emerging technologies like AI, IoT, blockchain, and cloud computing are transforming SCM, offering improved efficiency and transparency. While challenges such as supply chain disruptions and regulatory compliance persist, they also present opportunities for innovation and resilience. Overall, the SCM market plays a vital role in enabling organizations across various industries to enhance operational efficiency, reduce costs, and meet customer expectations effectively.

Supply Chain Management Market Dynamics

Supply Chain Management Market Trends- Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are driving optimization and prediction in the supply chain management market

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies are reshaping the landscape of supply chain management (SCM) through enhanced optimization and predictive capabilities. These cutting-edge tools empower SCM systems to analyze extensive data sets, recognize patterns, and make informed decisions in real time. By harnessing AI and ML algorithms, businesses can fine-tune various facets of their supply chain, spanning demand forecasting, inventory control, route planning, and warehouse management. This utilization leads to heightened efficiency, cost reduction, and overall performance enhancement across the supply chain. Additionally, AI and ML facilitate predictive analytics, enabling companies to anticipate market shifts, mitigate risks, and proactively manage potential disruptions. As these technologies evolve, they are poised to become pivotal in driving innovation and maintaining competitiveness within the dynamic global marketplace of SCM.

Market Driver- Driven by the focus on sustainability and ethical sourcing, the demand for the supply chain management market is surging.

The growing emphasis on sustainability and ethical sourcing is driving a significant increase in demand for solutions within the supply chain management sector. With companies placing greater importance on environmental stewardship and ethical conduct, there's a rising necessity for tools that promote transparency, traceability, and accountability across supply chains. This trend is pushing organizations to adopt technology-based solutions that optimize resource utilization, minimize waste, address risks linked to unethical behaviors, and adhere to evolving regulations. Moreover, heightened consumer awareness about product origins is prompting companies to invest further in sustainable and ethically sourced supply chain management strategies.

Market Opportunity- The supply chain visibility and collaboration segment is the fastest-growing market within the broader supply chain management market.

The supply chain visibility and collaboration sector is witnessing remarkable growth, surpassing other segments within the broader supply chain management market. This upsurge can be credited to the growing acknowledgment of the pivotal role played by visibility and collaboration in ensuring the efficiency and resilience of supply chain operations. Companies are increasingly recognizing the significance of gaining real-time insights into their supply chains to pinpoint bottlenecks, manage risks, and enhance decision-making. Moreover, collaborative efforts with suppliers, partners, and customers are becoming indispensable for bolstering coordination, flexibility, and responsiveness throughout the supply chain network. Consequently, there is a notable increase in investment directed towards technologies and solutions that facilitate supply chain visibility and collaboration, fueling the expansion of this segment.

Market Share Analysis- Solutions Supply Chain Management Market will register the fastest growth

The Global Supply Chain Management Market is analyzed across solutions, services, and others. Solutions are poised to register the fastest growth. The Solutions segment of the Supply Chain Management (SCM) market comprises a range of software and technologies aimed at optimizing supply chain operations. These solutions include demand forecasting, inventory management, procurement, transportation management, warehouse management, order fulfillment, and supplier relationship management. Key players offer both comprehensive SCM software suites and specialized solutions tailored to different industries. Technological advancements such as AI, machine learning, IoT, blockchain, and cloud computing are driving innovation in this segment, enabling organizations to enhance their supply chain capabilities and gain a competitive edge.

Market Share Analysis- Cloud-based held a significant market share in 2024

The Global Supply Chain Management Market is analyzed across various Deployments including On-premise, Cloud-based, and others. Of these, Cloud-based held a significant market share in 2024. The cloud-based Supply Chain Management (SCM) market is rapidly growing due to its scalability, flexibility, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness. Organizations are increasingly adopting cloud-based solutions to streamline operations, enhance collaboration, and gain real-time visibility into processes. Cloud deployment eliminates the need for costly hardware investments and maintenance, allowing businesses to focus on core competencies while benefiting from the latest updates and innovations. As a result, the cloud-based SCM market is expected to continue expanding as companies recognize its strategic advantages for driving efficiency and competitiveness.

 

Supply Chain Management Market Segmentation

By Component

  • Solution
  • Transportation Management System
  • Planning and Analytics
  • Warehouse and Inventory Management System
  • Procurement and Sourcing
  • Manufacturing Execution System
  • Services
  • Professional Services
  • Managed Services

 

By Deployment

  • On-premise
  • Cloud-based

 

By Enterprise

  • Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
  • Large Enterprises

 

By Vertical

  • Retail and E-commerce
  • Healthcare
  • Automotive
  • Transportation & Logistics
  • Food & Beverages
  • Manufacturing
  • Others

 

By Region

  • North America (United States, Canada, Mexico)
  • Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Others)
  • Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Others)
  • Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Others)
  • Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Other Middle East, South Africa, Nigeria, Other Africa)

 

Supply Chain Management Market Companies

  • Blue Yonder United States)
  • BluJay (United States)
  • Coupa (United States)
  • Descartes (Canada)
  • E2open (United States)
  • Epicor (United States)
  • GEP (United States)
  • IBM (United States)
  • Infor (United States)
  • JAGGAER (United States)
  • Kinaxis (Canada)
  • Körber (United States)
  • Logility (United States)
  • Manhattan Associates (United States)
  • OMP (Belgium)
  • Oracle (United States)
  • SAP (Germany)
  • Zycus (United States)

 

*List not exhaustive

Supply Chain Management Market Outlook 2024

1 Market Overview

1.1 Introduction to the Supply Chain Management Market

1.2 Scope of the Study

1.3 Research Objective

1.3.1 Key Market Scope and Segments

1.3.2 Players Covered

1.3.3 Years Considered

 

2 Executive Summary

2.1 2024 Supply Chain Management Market Industry- Market Statistics

3 Market Dynamics

3.1 Market Drivers

3.2 Market Challenges

3.3 Market Opportunities

3.4 Market Trends

 

4 Market Factor Analysis

4.1 Porter’s Five Forces

4.2 Market Entropy

4.2.1 Global Supply Chain Management Market Companies with Area Served

4.2.2 Products Offerings Global Supply Chain Management Market

 

5 Recession Impact Analysis and Outlook Scenarios

5.1.1 Recission Impact Analysis

5.1.2 Market Growth Scenario- Base Case

5.1.3 Market Growth Scenario- Reference Case

5.1.4 Market Growth Scenario- High Case

 

6 Global Supply Chain Management Market Trends

6.1 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) and CAGR (%) by Type (2018-2032)

6.2 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) and CAGR (%) by Applications (2018-2032)

6.3 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) and CAGR (%) by Regions (2018-2032)

 

7 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Type, and Applications (2018-2023)

7.1 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2023)

7.1.1 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), Market Share (%) by Type (2018-2023)

7.2 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2023)

7.2.1 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), Market Share (%) by Applications (2018-2023)

 

8 Global Supply Chain Management Market Development Regional Status and Outlook

8.1 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2018-2023)

8.2 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Type, and Application (2018-2023)

8.2.1 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Country (2018-2023)

8.2.2 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2023)

8.2.3 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2023)

8.3 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (USD Million) (2018-2023)

8.3.1 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Country (2018-2023)

8.3.2 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2023)

8.3.3 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2023)

8.4 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), and Revenue (USD Million) by Type, and Applications (2018-2023)

8.4.1 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Country (2018-2023)

8.4.2 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2023)

8.4.3 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2023)

8.5 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (2018-2023)

8.5.1 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Country (2018-2023)

8.5.2 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2023)

8.5.3 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2023)

8.6 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Type, Technology, Application, Thickness (2018-2023)

8.6.1 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Country (2018-2023)

8.6.2 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2023)

8.6.3 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2023)

 

9 Company Profiles

 

10 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (2024-2032)

10.1 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) and Market Share (%) by Type (2024-2032)

10.1.1 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), and Market Share (%) by Type (2024-2032)

10.2 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) and Market Share (%) by Applications (2024-2032)

10.2.1 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), and Market Share (%) by Applications (2024-2032)

 

11 Global Supply Chain Management Market Development Regional Status and Outlook Forecast

11.1 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2024-2032)

11.2 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Type, and Applications (2024-2032)

11.2.1 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD) Million by Country (2024-2032)

11.2.2 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Type (2024-2032)

11.2.3 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), Market Share (%) by Applications (2024-2032)

11.3 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (2024-2032)

11.3.1 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Country (2024-2032)

11.3.2 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Type (2024-2032)

11.3.3 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Applications (2024-2032)

11.4 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) by Type, and Applications (2024-2032)

11.4.1 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Country (2024-2032)

11.4.2 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Type (2024-2032)

11.4.3 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Applications (2024-2032)

11.5 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (2024-2032)

11.5.1 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Country (2024-2032)

11.5.2 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Type (2024-2032)

11.5.3 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Applications (2024-2032)

11.6 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (2024-2032)

11.6.1 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by region (2024-2032)

11.6.2 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Type (2024-2032)

11.6.3 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), by Applications (2024-2032)

 

12 Methodology and Data Sources

12.1 Methodology/Research Approach

12.1.1 Research Programs/Design

12.1.2 Market Size Estimation

12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

12.2 Data Sources

12.2.1 Secondary Sources

12.2.2 Primary Sources

12.3 Disclaimer

List of Tables

Table 1 Market Segmentation Analysis

Table 2 Global Supply Chain Management Market Companies with Areas Served

Table 3 Products Offerings Global Supply Chain Management Market

Table 4 Low Growth Scenario Forecasts

Table 5 Reference Case Growth Scenario

Table 6 High Growth Case Scenario

Table 7 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) And CAGR (%) By Type (2018-2032)

Table 8 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) And CAGR (%) By Applications (2018-2032)

Table 9 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) And CAGR (%) By Regions (2018-2032)

Table 10 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2023)

Table 11 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue Market Share (%) By Type (2018-2023)

Table 12 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2023)

Table 13 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue Market Share (%) By Applications (2018-2023)

Table 14 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2018-2023)

Table 15 Global Supply Chain Management Market Share (%) By Regions (2018-2023)

Table 16 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2023)

Table 17 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2023)

Table 18 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2023)

Table 19 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2023)

Table 20 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2023)

Table 21 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2023)

Table 22 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2023)

Table 23 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2023)

Table 24 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2023)

Table 25 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2023)

Table 26 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2023)

Table 27 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2023)

Table 28 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2018-2023)

Table 29 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2023)

Table 30 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2023)

Table 31 Financial Analysis

Table 32 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2032)

Table 33 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue Market Share (%) By Type (2024-2032)

Table 34 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2032)

Table 35 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue Market Share (%) By Applications (2024-2032)

Table 36 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million), And Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2024-2032)

Table 37 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD)By Country (2024-2032)

Table 38 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2032)

Table 39 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2032)

Table 40 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2024-2032)

Table 41 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2032)

Table 42 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2032)

Table 43 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2024-2032)

Table 44 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2032)

Table 45 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2032)

Table 46 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2024-2032)

Table 47 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2032)

Table 48 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2032)

Table 49 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2024-2032)

Table 50 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2024-2032)

Table 51 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2032)

Table 52 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2032)

Table 53 Research Programs/Design for This Report

Table 54 Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

Table 55 Key Data Information from Primary Sources

 

List of Figures

Figure 1 Market Scope

Figure 2 Porter’s Five Forces

Figure 3 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2023)

Figure 4 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue Market Share (%) By Type (2023)

Figure 5 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2023)

Figure 6 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue Market Share (%) By Applications (2023)

Figure 7 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2018-2023)

Figure 8 Global Supply Chain Management Market Share (%) By Regions (2023)

Figure 9 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2023)

Figure 10 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2023)

Figure 11 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2023)

Figure 12 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2023)

Figure 13 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2023)

Figure 14 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2023)

Figure 15 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2023)

Figure 16 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2023)

Figure 17 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2023)

Figure 18 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2023)

Figure 19 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2023)

Figure 20 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2023)

Figure 21 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2018-2023)

Figure 22 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2023)

Figure 23 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2023)

Figure 24 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2032)

Figure 25 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue Market Share (%) By Type (2030)

Figure 26 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2032)

Figure 27 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue Market Share (%) By Applications (2030)

Figure 28 Global Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2024-2032)

Figure 29 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2024-2032)

Figure 30 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2032)

Figure 31 North America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2032)

Figure 32 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2024-2032)

Figure 33 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2032)

Figure 34 Europe Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2032)

Figure 35 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2024-2032)

Figure 36 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2032)

Figure 37 Asia Pacific Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2032)

Figure 38 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2024-2032)

Figure 39 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2032)

Figure 40 South America Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2032)

Figure 41 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2024-2032)

Figure 42 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2024-2032)

Figure 43 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2024-2032)

Figure 44 Middle East and Africa Supply Chain Management Market Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2024-2032)

Figure 45 Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches for This Report

Figure 46 Data Triangulation

Supply Chain Management Market Segmentation

By Component

  • Solution
  • Transportation Management System
  • Planning and Analytics
  • Warehouse and Inventory Management System
  • Procurement and Sourcing
  • Manufacturing Execution System
  • Services
  • Professional Services
  • Managed Services

 

By Deployment

  • On-premise
  • Cloud-based

 

By Enterprise

  • Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
  • Large Enterprises

 

By Vertical

  • Retail and E-commerce
  • Healthcare
  • Automotive
  • Transportation & Logistics
  • Food & Beverages
  • Manufacturing
  • Others

 

By Region

  • North America (United States, Canada, Mexico)
  • Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Others)
  • Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Others)
  • Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Others)
  • Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Other Middle East, South Africa, Nigeria, Other Africa)

Frequently Asked Questions